Учебники

Introduction

In Forest Pack 5 we released a brand new feature called Forest Effects. This allows you to extend the existing features of Forest Pack by adding new functionality from a library, importing them from individual files, or creating your own using expressions. Forest Pack 5 also includes a number of examples of effects that could be useful for your work and can act springboard to help you to learn to write your own.

When we created Forest Effects we envisaged two types of user. Effects Users who would download, install and use existing effects created by iToo or other artists. And Effects Authors who would create and use their own effects and hopefully share them within the studio and the wider online community. In this introductory tutorial we'll focus on the former, and demonstrate how effects are imported and used, including an overview of the built in effects, how to run 3rd party effects and how to install effects files to the library for easy access and re-use.

Included in the download for this tutorial are 10 new effects which can be categorised into 4 types.

Transform effects

• Bend by exclude area

 Transform Effects can be used to control the rotation, translation or scale of scattered items.In this example scattered objects can be made to lean away from exclude areas. Ideal for placing items on rugs!

Tint effects

• Change tint colour by altitude

 Effects can also be used to control Forest Colour maps. This effect changes tint based on the item's altitude with a blend control to transition between two colours.

Item effects

• Change items by altitude 
• Change items by distance to boundary

Using the index of the Geometry list effects can be used to control which items are being scattered. In these two example the geometry is changed based on the altitude or the items proximity to a boundary. There's also a noise control to help disguise the transition.

Animationeffects

• Animate frames by distance to object
• Animate frames by distance to boundary (exclude)
• Animation frames  by distance to boundary (Include)
• Lock animation frames
• Offset animation 
• Leaf fall animation

Sampled frames can be controlled using Animation effects. In the first four items in the list above the displayed frame is changed depending on an item's proximity to Include areas, Exclude Areas or an object. You can also use effect to lock or offset animation frames which is useful if you want to use animation samples to vary geometry as we illustrated in the Randomising Procedural objects tutorial. Finally it's even possible to animate objects procedurally, in the Leaf Fall animation effect we've created a simple animation directly in Forest Pack.

The Effects Interface

To get started let's take a look at the effects rollout. Using this simple interface you can control the parameters of any effects loaded into the Forest Pack object, load effects from the library, or launch the editor to create your own. To open the Effects Browser to view the presets in the library click on the button.

The Effects Library

The Effects Browser allows you to navigate the effects that ship with Forest Pack. It also allows you to install and manage your own effects or those obtained from a third party. Let's take a look at the browser interface and then load an effect. 

Starting from the top left you have the Library Selector dropdown (1) that let's you change between libraries. In a standard installation you have two libraries, the Default library for the effects that ship with Forest Pack, and a User's library for your own effects or those you've downloaded from others. If you make any changes to the libraries manually, click the Refresh button to update the browser.

The large pane on the left is the Effects Navigator (3) that displays a tree view of the effects (5) in the selected library. This is divided into Categories which are similar to folders in that they provide a way of organising your effects.

When you select an effect in the Effects Navigator a description (6) and preview image (7) will display in the main window. This is user-definable but would normally contain information and instructions on how to use the effect.

Underneath this you have a Click for additional help button. Click this to go to a web page with online help or more information about the selected effect. For iToo effects this takes you to our documentation server but if you create your own effects you can add any URL here you like.

Once you've selected an effect and understood how it works by reading the description, to add it to Forest Pack just click the Load button (9). For example, in the scene shown below we have an island populated with some Palm trees.At the moment the trees are all mostly upright, but in real life trees near the edge of an area would normally lean outwards to maximise their exposure to available light.

In Forest Pack 5 we include an effect to simulate this called Lean Out. To load this effect all I have to do is:

1. Go to the Effects rollout.
2. Click to  open the Effects Browser.
3. Use the Effects navigator to select the Lean Out
4. Read about the effect in the description pane to see instructions for its use.
5. Click Load, that's all there is to it.

Parameters list

Once you've loaded an effect its editable values are available in the parameters list. For example, this effect has 3 editable parameters: Lean_Out_Amount, Lean_Out_Distance and RandomWiggle. Based on the description we know that:

• Lean_Out_Amount determines the angle of the lean effect. Positive values lean objects towards the boundary, negative values lean objects away from the boundary.
• Lean_Out_Distance defines the size of the falloff from the boundary's edge that the lean out effect influences. Increase this to influence more trees. At 0 the lean our effect is disabled.
• RandomWiggle is used because lean out effect overwrites any existing randomised rotation so this will reintroduce a bit of chaos. 

After configuring the lean out effect correctly we get a much more realistic distribution of trees. Without effects this would be difficult to achieve without manually adjusting the scattered objects or complex maps.

You'll also see in the rollout a couple of other useful options. A On checkbox allows you to disable the effect, and Apply Only at Render Time allows you to disable the effects in the viewport only which is useful when an effect takes a while to calculate, especially if you're working on animations.

Examples of included effects

That's really all there is to using the built in effects and most are easy to understand and use. A few though require you to set up Forest Pack in a specific way, and where this is the case the details can be found in the description, so lets look at a few examples, starting with the tint effects.

Tint by Boundary and Tint By Object are two included effects that allow you control a Forest Colour map based on an item's distance from either an include spline or an object. Our tint based effects are set up to change the colour from white to black so that a Forest Colour map can be used to blend between two other maps or materials. To do this you have to set up the scene as follows:

1. To blend between maps or colours, use a Mix map. For clarity I'm just going to change the colours to red and green and then apply a Forest Colour map to the Mix Amount slot.
2. All Forest Colour maps applied to the object will be affected except those that have Tint Override turned on. For this map to work as a mask we need to make sure this option is disabled.
    
3. In the Forest object's Materials rollout the Random Strength value is still applicable - for the tint effects to work fully set the start and end to 100%. Alternatively use different values if you'd like to retain some randomisation.
4.  To illustrate I'll use Tint by Boundary. Open the Effects editor, select the effect and click Load
5. This effect has only one parameter called DistanceToEdge.
   
   If I increase this value and then click render the colour of the scattered items blends between red and green based on their distance from the nearest edge of an Include area.

Some effects may require to pick an object from the scene. For example the Bend By Object effect is similar to the Lean Out effect demonstrated earlier, except in this version the scattered items are rotated based on their proximity to an object in the scene instead of Include areas. To use it, select the Object property in the Parameters list. Click the Object Picker button and select a geometry object from the scene.  You can now use the Lean_Out_Amount, Lean_Out_Distance and RandomWiggle parameters as we did earlier to bend the scattered items based on their proximity to the selected object.

You can also drive effects based on the tracks of any other objects in the scene. For example, we'll use the DisplacementSize track of a V-Ray Displacement modifier to position trees on the Z axis.

if you use Displacement maps to create terrain then you'll be aware that this can be an issue combined with Forest Pack. Forest needs to read the height information of the terrain before rendertime in order to correctly place the objects but this information is not available if you're using displacement. The image below represents this problem, the displaced surface is not detected by Forest Pack

Forest Pack 5 includes an effect called Scatter on Displaced Surface that allows you to position the objects on the Z axis to match the displaced mesh with additional controls to randomise each item's position on the Z axis. To use it follow these steps:

1. Add item(s) in the Geometry rollout in the usual way.
2. Make sure Forest Pack is aligned with the displaced plane on the Z axis.
3. In the Transform rollout, enter a value of 100% for both the Z Min and Z Max parameters. Activate Z > Map and Probability map.
4. Apply the same displacement texture as is applied to the plane to the Map input slot.
5. Feel free to add any Scale randomisation, the effect can compensate for differently sized items.
6. In the Distribution rollout, set the Collision Height to 100%. Once the value has been changed, collisions can be turned off if you don't need them.
7. Go to the Effects rollout and click DisplacementSize, select the Amount controller of the V-Ray Displacement modifier (or other similar plugin) that is applied to the surface. The tree's Z position is now driven by this value and changing the parameter
   also automatically updates Forest Pack's distribution. If you render now you'll see that the objects are moved to the surface of the displaced geometry!
8. For more control you can fine -tune this scatter. Use zRandMin and zRandMax to add additional Z position randomisation to the items after displacement.
9. Use AltitudeLimitTop to hide objects above a certain height.
10. Use AltitudeLimitBottom to hide objects below certain height.
11. Use topFalloff to gradually scale objects to 0 as they approach the height set in AltitudeLimitTop.
12. Use bottomFalloff to gradually scale objects to 0 as they approach the height set in AltitudeLimitBottom.

Loading 3rd party effects

If you'd like to import an effect supplied by us or another user, then Forest Pack makes this process simple. To illustrate I'll import the Leaf Fall effect included in the downloads for this tutorial. This effect is designed to create a simple leaf animation for those times when you don't need something as complex as a particle system. To load it, follow these steps:

1. From the Effects rollout, click  to Open the Effects Editor.
2. We'll look at this interface more in a future tutorial. for now just click to open the file selector.
3. Select the  FEffects_LeafFall.eff file from the downloads for this tutorial and click Open.
4. In the Effects Editor you'll now see the expression and the Parameters that are used. All you need to do is Click OK to evaluate the expression and close the editor. The effect is now working and you can adjust the parameters as follows to see how it works.

    

5. Use startFrame to enter that time at which the items should start spawning.
6. Use endFrame to enter that time at which the items should have finished spawning.
7. Use startHeightMin to define the minimum randomised starting height for scattered items.
8. Use startHeightMax to define the maximum randomised starting height for scattered items.
9. Use startRotMin to define the minimum randomised starting rotation for scattered items.
10. Use StartRotMax to define the Maximum randomised starting rotation for scattered items
11. Use minSpeed to define the minimum randomised speed for scattered items.
12. Use maxSpeed to define maximum randomised speed for scattered items.

Imported effects will overwrite any code or parameters you already have in the effects editor. A warning will be displayed to prevent accidentally losing work but be aware that the import process is undoable.

As you can see using and managing effects is an easy and powerful new feature. In this tutorial we've looked at how to import existing effects, load them from the library, and add them to the browser as well as focusing on a few key examples to help get you started with using effects in your work. In a future tutorial we'll look at how to create your own effects using the simple expressions editor. If you'd like to create your own effects and you can't wait until then, please feel free to check out the detailed documentation for more information to help you get started, and please feel free to share your efforts on our forum! In the meantime stay tuned for more training and visit the tutorials page for even more Tips&Tricks videos and in-depth tutorials.